The biathlon, combining crosscountry ski skating with rifle marksmanship, has been an Olympic event since the Winter Games in Squaw Valley, United States, in 1960.
In this context as well, for analyzing performance and optimizing training, sensor technology has a potentially important role to play. In conclusion, although both XC equipment and biomechanics have developed significantly in recent decades, there is clearly room for further improvement. Moreover, the trends toward more extensive use of double poling and skiing without grip wax in classical races have given rise to regulations in connection with Olympic distances that appear to have preserved utilization of the traditional classical sub-techniques. Moreover, several of the new events in which skiers compete head-to-head favor technical and tactical flexibility and encourage high-speed techniques (including more rapid development of propulsive force and higher peak forces), as well as appropriate training. Today's XC skier must master a wide range of speeds, terrains, and race distances and formats (e.g., distance races with individual start, mass-start or pursuit knockout and team-sprint relays), continuously adapting by alternating between various sub-techniques. In contrast to the numerous investigations on the physiological determinants of successful performance, key biomechanical factors have been less explored. Over the past decades, considerable developments in skiing techniques and improvements in equipment and track preparation have increased skiing speed. XC skiing has been an Olympic event since the very first Winter Games in Chamonix, France, in 1924.
Here, our aim was to describe the major changes in crosscountry (XC) skiing in recent decades, as well as potential future developments.
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